Optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer

ABSTRACT

A system for processing a multilayer liquid crystal film display material, with multiple irradiation apparatus ( 60 ) for applying a zone of polarized UV irradiation onto a substrate fed from a web ( 16 ) with incident light at a desired angle. Each irradiation apparatus ( 60 ) includes a UV light source ( 64 ), and one or more optional filters ( 82 ). A polarizer  90  is provided, sized and arranged to polarize light over the web ( 16 ) as it moves. The irradiation apparatus ( 60 ) employs an array of louvers ( 81 ) and/or a prism array ( 72 ). One irradiation apparatus ( 60 ) irradiates a first LPP1 layer ( 22 ) at a 0-degree alignment, in the web movement direction, the other irradiation apparatus ( 60 ) irradiates an LPP2 layer ( 26 ) with an orthogonal 90-degree alignment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] Reference is made to commonly-assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/194,750, filed Jul. 12, 2002, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR IRRADIATING A SUBSTRATE, by Leidig et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for processing substrate materials using light exposure energy and more particularly relates to apparatus and methods for alignment of a liquid crystal display compensation film provided as a web-fed substrate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Current rapid expansion in liquid crystal display (LCD) applications is largely due to improvements in display performance. High contrast, good color reproduction, and stable gray scale intensities are important attributes for electronic displays that employ liquid crystal technology. With respect to contrast, a primary constraint with liquid crystal displays is the propensity for light leakage in the dark or “black” pixel state. Furthermore, the leakage and hence contrast of a liquid crystal display are also dependent on the angle from which the display screen is viewed. Typically, optimum contrast is obtained only within a narrow viewing angle, centered about the normal incidence to the display, and falls off rapidly as the viewing angle is increased. In color displays, light leakage not only degrades the contrast, but also causes undesirable color or hue shifts, degrading color reproduction. In addition to black-state light leakage, viewing angle constraints for typical twisted nematic liquid crystal displays are exacerbated by a shift in the brightness-voltage response as a function of viewing angle, due to the inherent optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal material.

[0004] Thus, one of the major factors that determine the quality of LCD displays is the viewing angle characteristic, which describes the change in contrast ratio relative to different viewing angles. It is desirable that contrast be maintained over a wide range of viewing angles, a known shortcoming with liquid crystal display devices. One way to improve the viewing angle characteristic is to insert a compensator (also referred as compensation film, retardation film, or retarder) with proper optical properties between the polarizer and liquid crystal cell, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,583,679; 5,853,801; 5,619,352; 5,978,055; and 6,160,597. Compensation film according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,583,679 and 5,853,801, based on discotic liquid crystals which exhibit negative birefringence, is widely used. This film offers improved contrast over wider viewing angles; however, it suffers larger color shift for gray level images, compared to a compensator made of liquid crystalline materials having positive birefringence, according to Satoh et al. “Comparison of Nematic Hybrid and Discotic Hybrid Films as Viewing Angle Compensator for NW-TN-LCDs,” SID 2000 Digest, pp. 347-349, (2000). To achieve comparable contrast ratio while reducing color shift, one compensation film solution uses a pair of liquid crystal polymer films (LCP), having orthogonally crossed optical axes, disposed on each side of a liquid crystal cell, as discussed by Chen et al. “Wide Viewing Angle Photoaligned Plastic Films,” SID 99 Digest, pp. 98-101 (1999). This paper states that “since the second LPP/LCP retarder film is coated directly on top of the first LCP retarder film, the total thickness of the final wide-view retarder stack is only a few microns thin.” Although such a method provides a very compact optical component, it is difficult to manufacture a compensation film having two LCP layers whose optical axes are orthogonally oriented. This is a particular challenge where the film substrate is web-fed, such as in a continuous, roll-to-roll manufacturing process.

[0005] In processing liquid crystal compensation films, photo-alignment methods are recognized to have advantages over earlier rubbing alignment methods. Using photo-alignment, a thin alignment medium, typically linear photo-polymerization media (LPP) is applied to a substrate and is then irradiated, typically using UV light, to provide a directional alignment bias. There are a number of photo-alignment methods, based on different photoreaction processes. In general, a photo-alignment method may be one of three basic types:

[0006] (1) Isomerization, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,974,941, is a reversible process using laser light irradiation in which a monomer or single molecule is aligned using cis-trans-isomerization effects;

[0007] (2) Photo-dimerization, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,661 employs photo-induced orientation and dimerization of polymer side-chains, including cross-linking; and

[0008] (3) Photo-dissociation uses light to anisotropically alter an alignment medium such as polyamic acid or polyamide or copolymer comprised of amic acid and imide.

[0009] In one promising photo-dimerization method, discotic liquid crystal structures within a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) layer are applied over an LPP layer to take the preferred alignment direction. Most solutions for photo-alignment using this method direct collimated polarized UV light, at an oblique angle, onto an alignment LPP substrate to align polymer molecules in a desired direction that provides a pretilt for a subsequently applied LCP layer containing liquid crystal structures. It has been found that, for suitable performance, only a fraction of molecules in the LPP alignment layer need to be photopolymerized. Typical LCP media include diacrylates and diepoxides and similar cross-linkable liquid crystalline materials. LCPs may have inherent positive optical anisotropy, such as with diacrylates, or negative anisotropy and weak biaxial properties, such as with discotic liquid crystal materials.

[0010] A number of different photo-alignment media and techniques have been used to provide the necessary pretilt for different types of liquid crystal display media. For a suitable class of LPP media, optical apparatus that provides irradiation for alignment must meet the following criteria:

[0011] 1. Exposure levels of 10-15 mJ/cm², nominal.

[0012] 2. Narrow range of wavelengths. The exact range that is suitable for alignment irradiation depends on the material. UV-B (280-320 nm) is the preferred range for many types of alignment substrate. Some wavelengths are preferably rejected in order to minimize unwanted effects on alignment or undesirable temperature effects. Rejection of unwanted wavelengths is especially important for efficiency in a roll-to-roll manufacturing apparatus in which a web of substrate traveling at hundreds of feet per minute is processed. At such high speeds, the necessary increase in radiation at desirable wavelengths can easily bring with it an increase in undesirable radiation levels from other parts of the spectrum. For example, UV light is efficiently produced by a class of lamps that excite mercury or ion-doped mercury molecules. Such lamps typically generate UV-C (200-280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm), UV-A (320-400 nm), visible light, and infrared light. For an embodiment where UV-B is chosen as the preferred spectral range, it would be desirable to limit the irradiance and total exposure on the web from other parts of the spectrum.

[0013] 3. Uniform exposure dosage. Exposure dose is expressed in terms of energy per unit area. It has been found that dosage levels, alternately termed exposure levels, can provide acceptable alignment results even where dosage varies by as much as +/−50% across the irradiated surface area in some applications. However, reasonable compensation for dosage uniformity helps to obtain uniform alignment results, minimizing intensity level variations between levels at the middle of a substrate and at substrate edges.

[0014] 4. Uniform direction of polarization. It does not appear to be important that the applied alignment radiation be highly polarized. However, for a class of LPP materials, best results are achieved when the exposure radiation has a highly uniform direction of polarization. For maintaining a high standard of quality and uniform alignment, it is preferable to provide a consistent direction of polarization, varying no more than 1 degree over the full irradiated surface. Of course, the problem of maintaining this tolerance for directional uniformity of polarization is accentuated when irradiating a large scale surface.

[0015] 5. Oblique incident angles for pretilt. Typically, some deviation from normal incidence to the media is required in order to provide the necessary pretilt angle to the LPP material. For most applications, a broad range of incident angles, such as over a 10-70 degree range, is permissible. We will refer to this illumination as illumination with predetermined inclination where it is understood that the inclination refers to the average angle of the multiplicity of incident angles rather then a single angle of illumination.

[0016] There have been some conventional systems developed that generally meet most of requirements 1-5 above for irradiating alignment media on a small scale. However, it can be appreciated that these requirements become particularly difficult to meet as the irradiated surface area, or exposure zone, increases. Conventional solutions are as yet poorly suited to the demands for efficiently irradiating a web-fed substrate, where the substrate is moved past the irradiation device at production speeds and the web width exceeds 1 m.

[0017] In addition to the requirement for large scale photo-alignment processing, there is also a need to provide a film having composite LPP/LCP structures in which two alignment surfaces have been treated so that their respective optical axes are close to 90 degrees, that is, orthogonal, with respect to each other. Conventional approaches have not yet provided a suitable solution for achieving this with a web-fed media.

[0018] Among proposed prior art solutions for photo-alignment are a number of scanning solutions:

[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,571 discloses an irradiation device for scanning linearly polarized UV across a substrate to achieve alignment layer uniformity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,571 emphasizes the importance of oblique radiation. This solution is best suited to a substrate provided in sheet form rather than to a substrate continuously fed from a web.

[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,110 discloses a laser light-based system for applying polarized UV radiation across a substrate. Designed for substrates having a diagonal in the range of about 10 inches or slightly larger, the U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,110 solution provides two-dimensional irradiation over an area that exceeds the size limit for the type of optical radiation employed. However, there are practical limitations in scaling this type of solution to suit a web-fed substrate having a width dimension of 1 m or larger.

[0021] It has been noted that high irradiance conditions would be beneficial for use in high-speed roll-to-roll manufacturing apparatus, particularly where it is desirable to provide a compact system. Peak irradiance on the web in such environments could range from approximately 50 milliwatts/cm² to values of several hundred milliwatts/cm². This means that average irradiance on any polarizer would be much higher. With irradiance over ranges such as might be supplied using a medium pressure long-arc Mercury lamp at power levels in the 100-600 W range, conventional, resin-based polarizers would not be well-suited. For example, this type of irradiation exceeds the practical working range of polarizers such as HNP'B—Linear Polarizer from 3M (St. Paul, Minn.). Sheet polarizers are not generally capable of handling higher irradiation levels and may quickly deteriorate over a prolonged exposure period. With this limitation in mind, prior art solutions for providing polarized irradiation over a large area include the following:

[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,016 discloses an irradiation apparatus using an oval focusing mirror, integrator lens, and polarizer disposed at various points in the optical system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,016 emphasizes the value of collimated light, incident to a polarizer, to improve polarization performance. The use of Brewster plate polarizers for large scale surfaces is disclosed.

[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,780 discloses an exposure apparatus using a UV light source having an oval focusing mirror, where the apparatus includes an integrator lens, polarizer, and collimation optics. Brewster plate polarizers are used in the preferred embodiment. This type of solution may work well for a substrate up to a certain size. However, there are practical size limitations that constrain the use of Brewster plate polarizers for large substrates. Similarly, EP 1 020 739 A2 discloses a modified Brewster plate arrangement. As a variation on Brewster plate polarizers, EP 1 172 684 discloses a modified V-shaped Brewster's angle arrangement. However, similar weight and size constraints also limit the feasibility of this type of solution.

[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,296 discloses a large scale polarizer comprising a plurality of quartz segments disposed at Brewster's angle, used for system that irradiates using UV. However, such an arrangement would be very costly and bulky, particularly as a solution for a web-fed exposure system with a large irradiation area.

[0025] As the above-noted patent disclosures show, irradiation apparatus designed for large exposure zones have employed sizable polarization components, typically quartz or glass plates disposed at Brewster's angle. Hampered by the relative size and weight of these polarizers, such irradiation apparatus are necessarily less efficient in delivering light energy to the exposure surface. Moreover, conventional polarizers using Brewster plates or interference polarizers based on Brewster's angle principles also exhibit a high degree of angular dependency. That is, incident light must be substantially collimated in order to obtain a uniform polarized light output.

[0026] Significantly, Brewster plate polarizers such as those shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,780 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,061,138 and 6,307,609 are not optimal for providing a uniform polarization unless highly collimated light is used. With respect to an irradiated surface, the principal axis of polarization of the Brewster plate polarizer is uniform only when the plane of the Brewster plates is within a very limited range of angles. Otherwise, the Brewster plate polarizer does not have a well-defined, uniform principal axis of polarization. With Brewster plate polarizers, the direction of polarization is dependent upon the angular direction of incoming light. For each beam direction, a specific local coordinate system, aligned with the meridional plane containing incident and outgoing beams, is established at the point of incidence, as is shown in FIGS. 16a and 16 b. Thus, when there are several incoming beams at different angles, the Brewster plate polarizer correspondingly provides multiple polarization directions, that is, multiple polarization axes. Moreover, the Brewster plate polarizer operates in one direction only; it would not be practical to use Brewster plate polarizers for achieving orthogonal polarization of multiple LPP alignment layers on a web-fed substrate. Instead, in order to provide orthogonal alignment of overlapping LPP layers, it would be necessary to expose individual cut sheets of media, rotating the media to obtain orthogonal exposure. Brewster plate solutions are not compact or practical for use with long-arc lamps, particularly where orthogonal exposure directions must be obtained.

[0027] Referring to FIGS. 16a and 16 b, there is shown, for a Brewster plate polarizer 132, how a principal axis of polarization 126 varies with incident beams 124 at different angles. As is shown in these figures, a meridional plane 130 is defined by incident beam 124, a reflected beam 120, and a transmitted beam 122. Principal axis of polarization 126 has a variable angle ψ₁ or ψ₂ relative to a reference direction 128 depending on the incident angle of incident beam 124. Viewed geometrically, a tilt of meridional plane 130 results in a change to principal axis of polarization 126.

[0028] In contrast, conventional sheet polarizers have the property of providing a uniform principal axis of polarization for light from within a range of incident angles. Sheet polarizers are also capable of being rotated to allow orthogonal alignment exposure such as would be required in a continuous web-based manufacturing process. However, sheet polarizers are not robust under conditions of high UV light irradiance and would deteriorate rapidly. Thus, it can be seen that it is difficult to obtain efficient polarization of UV-B light (280-320 nm) at relatively high irradiance levels and for incident light at relatively wide angles of incidence using conventional polarization components and techniques.

[0029] Conventionally, wire grid polarizers have been used in infrared and longer-wavelength applications. More recently, wire grid polarizers have been developed for use with visible light, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,234,634 and 6,243,199. Although the concept of wire grid polarizers for UV applications had been experimentally demonstrated in 1983 (see Sonek et al. “Optical polarizers for the ultraviolet” Appl Opt. 22, pp. 11270-1271; where evaporated aluminum was spaced at 115 nm on quartz substrate to cover a wavelength range of approximately 200-800 nm), only recently have wire grid polarization devices been commercially available for use with light in the UV range. Wire grid polarizers have inherent advantages in high-heat and high-irradiance applications where conventional sheet polarizers would not be suitable. Wire grid polarizers are also inherently less angularly dependent than other types of polarizers, particularly Brewster plate and interference type polarizers. Advantageously, wire grid polarizers have a low dimensional profile, allowing them to be used to replace sheet polarizers where space along the optical axis may be minimal. In addition, wire grid polarizers exhibit favorable response, similar to that available with sheet polarizers as noted above, with respect to principal axis of polarization. As is shown, for example, in FIGS. 16c and 16 d, wire grid polarizers 134 provide a principal axis of polarization 126 that is fairly uniform with respect to a reference direction 128 when incident beams 124 have a range of incident angles. This capability means, for example, that wire grid polarizer 134 can be tilted with respect to incident beam 124 without a corresponding change in principal axis of polarization 126. In this way, principal axis of polarization 126 of wire grid polarizer 134 is independent of the angle of incidence of incident beams 124, over a broad range of angles. However, wire grid polarization devices are not dimensionally scaled to suit the requirements of applying polarized light over a large exposure zone.

[0030] Alternatively, the Beilby-layer polarizer, commercially available from Sterling Optics (Williamstown, Ky.), has desirable properties for efficiently polarizing light in the UV spectrum. This type of polarizer uses an azo-dye applied and fixed to a uni-directionally polished plate of fused silica. The subsequent angular acceptance angle for the Beilby-layer exceeds that of either commercially available interference filters, Brewster plates, or UV wire grid polarizers, and surface resilience to high heat or irradiance is superior to that of resin-based sheet polarizers. The Beilby-layer polarizer also exhibits a low dimensional profile and a favorable response with respect to principal axis of polarization.

[0031] A number of different types of light sources for photo-alignment have been disclosed, for example:

[0032] WO 00/46634 discloses a method for alignment of a substrate using an unpolarized or circularly polarized source, applied in an oblique direction.

[0033] U.S. Pat. No. 4,974,941 discloses alignment and realignment, preferably using a laser source.

[0034] U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,698 discloses use of linearly polarized UV for photopolymer irradiation. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,691 discloses use of linearly polarized UV for photopolymer irradiation, with the UV source positioned close to the substrate surface.

[0035] As noted above, the use of collimated or substantially collimated light is, in large part, dictated by polarizer characteristics. In related exposure processing applications, collimated light is considered advantageous, as in these examples:

[0036] U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,615 and EP 0 684 500 A2 disclose forming an alignment layer by directing collimated UV through slits in a photomask.

[0037] In a related curing application, U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,644 discloses directing UV through slatted collimator for curing resin.

[0038] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,061,138 and 6,307,609 disclose a method and apparatus for alignment using exposure radiation that is “partially polarized” and “partially collimated.” By “partially polarized,” this disclosure identifies a broad range of S:P values from 1:100 to 100:1 with preferred range from 0.5:1 to 30:1. By “partially collimated” these disclosures identify a broad range with a divergence, in one direction, greater than about 5 degrees and less than about 30 degrees. The use of such broad ranges simply seems to indicate that some significant degree of variability is acceptable for both polarization and collimation. Indeed, in practice, most polarizers work within the broad range stated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,138, particularly over sizable exposure zones. As is generally well known and shown in the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,016, some degree of collimation is needed simply for consistent control of polarization. Partial collimation, over the broad ranges stated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,138 occurs when light simply passes through an aperture and is not otherwise blocked, focused, projected, or diffused. Baffles or apertures that block stray light necessarily perform “collimation” within the ranges given in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,138. Earlier work, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,780 similarly shows use of partially collimated light having relatively poor polarization and the use of relatively high incident angles for exposure energy, covering the ranges specified in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,138. Another earlier patent, EP 0 684 500 A2, states that collimation of the irradiating polarized light beam is preferable, but does not require collimation.

[0039] Thus, prior art seems to indicate that collimation, considered by itself, is not as important as other characteristics of exposure radiation. Certainly, some degree of collimation is inherently necessary in order to efficiently collect and direct light onto a substrate, taking advantage of the light emitted in all directions by using devices such as using reflective hoods, for example. As is noted above, some degree of collimation is necessary for polarizing light, since polarization devices are not typically equipped to handle wide variations in incident light divergence. But, taken in and of itself, collimation may have secondary importance relative to other properties of the exposure light.

[0040] In contrast, maintaining a consistent polarization direction or azimuthal angle appears to be very important for obtaining good results. The direction of polymerization or selection for LC alignment materials closely corresponds to the direction of polarization. In fact, there is evidence that partial polarization, as suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,138 and as exhibited in earlier work disclosed by Schadt et al. “Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 31, 1992, pp. 2155-2164, appears to be acceptable, provided that a consistent direction of polarization is maintained. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,780 emphasizes the importance of this direction of polarization. It has been shown that optimal results are obtained over the exposure zone when the exposure energy is somewhat uniformly distributed and when the direction of polarization is tightly controlled to within about 1 degree.

[0041] As is shown in the prior art solutions cited above, achieving polarization over a broad exposure zone, with a tightly controlled direction of polarization, is particularly difficult with high intensity UV-B radiation. It is difficult to obtain a UV-B source that provides polarized UV-B light at reasonable cost. Moreover, high heat and irradiance requirements place considerable demands on filtering and polarization components. Conventional resin-based sheet polarizers are unlikely to withstand the elevated irradiance and high heat conditions. Brewster plates and interference filters can withstand these conditions but have size and weight disadvantages as well as acceptance angle constraints.

[0042] As a further complication, controlling the intensity of radiation energy has been proven to be difficult to achieve and maintain on a substrate. Obtaining a uniform dosage distribution from a light source requires a means for redirecting the energy applied so that the intensity at the edges of the illuminated surface is not appreciably different from that at the center of the surface.

[0043] While tolerances may not be critical, some reasonable degree of uniformity appears to be desirable. Dosage is the product of irradiance and exposure time. If the substrate to be exposed is on a moving web, the dosage is an integration of the dosage received along the direction of motion over the time of exposure. The maximum permissible dosage variation over the substrate depends on the resultant properties desired over specific spatial distances. Differences in dosage applied to an LPP layer will subsequently influence alignment of the adjacent LCP layer. Reasonable compensation for dosage uniformity helps to obtain uniform alignment results. Dosage uniformity may be slowly varying across large spatial distances; for example, as would be typical for a single lamp located above and near the center of a substrate, dosage would be at a maximum near the middle of the substrate and decrease monotonically towards the outer substrate edges. Alternatively, other equipment designs that include other reflecting, absorbing, refracting and diffracting structures disposed between the lamp and substrate may impart changes in dosage that vary non-monotonically from the center to edge of a substrate; variations in dosage may vary over small patches or over small strips. These variation may be even more important to control than the slowly varying change because the slope of the change may be large.

[0044] In applications where light throughput is important, standard diffusers are inefficient at correcting the problem of dosage uniformity because of the wide dispersal of the incident radiation and diminished throughput relative to polished optical surfaces. A standard diffuser is typically a piece of transparent material ground, etched or molded on at least one side with small features that refract and scatter light into a hemisphere. A significant fraction of the light incident on a standard diffuser is typically reflected and scattered back uselessly. Additionally, the wide dispersal of incident radiation into a hemisphere is at odds with the goal of maintaining an average angle of inclination for aligning an LPP layer.

[0045] Alternatively, there are other methods that partially overcome some of the aforementioned difficulties of maintaining the average angle of inclination of the incident light and reducing the fraction of light that is uselessly reflected and back-scattered. One method is to use a “fly's eye” optical integrator, such as those employed in solar simulators like those from Oriel Corporation (Stratford, Conn.). Also, the long-known method of using an integrating bar for mixing light can be applied. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,917,360 discloses the use of an integrating bar with diffuser for a film printer. More recent applications of integrating bars, as exemplified by WO 01/80555 A1, do not use diffusers on the integrating bar and consequently maintain better directionality of the light cone. Light homogenizers like “fly's eye” and integrating bars are typically used in projection systems where the size of the device is not the foremost consideration; systems with an integrating bar or “fly's eye” lens typically scale with the maximum dimension of the substrate to be irradiated. Consequently, the approach of using a single projection device employing a “fly's eye” optical integrator or integrating bar is less amenable to being adapted to irradiate and align increasingly large substrates. Using a single small instrument that scans a large substrate raises problems with the rapidity of alignment. Using multiply operated projection instruments to expose a substrate in separate swaths or small patches increases the logistical problems of aligning and managing multiple projection units to achieve consistent uniformity of exposure.

[0046] Cost-effective mass manufacture of LC material requires high throughput. This necessitates using sufficient intensity levels, consistently applied to a material that is exposed and cured at fast speeds. Although conventional solutions provide some capability for high-volume web-fed manufacture, there is clearly room for improvement in processing speed, cost, and quality over prior art approaches.

[0047] It can be appreciated that there would be benefits to manufacturing apparatus and methods for fabrication of a compensation film having orthogonally disposed optical properties. Such a film would enhance the viewing angle performance liquid crystal displays, for display technologies including twisted nematic (TN), super twisted nematic (STN), optically compensated bend (OCB), in plane switching (IPS), and vertically aligned (VA) liquid crystal displays. These various liquid crystal display technologies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,619,352; 5,410,422; and 4,701,028. Conventional approaches do not provide a suitable solution for mass-manufacture fabrication of such a compensation film.

[0048] Thus, it can be seen that there is a need for improved apparatus and methods for fabricating a liquid crystal display compensation film provided as a web-fed substrate, where the film comprises two orthogonally oriented alignment layers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0049] An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for irradiating a liquid crystal substrate with polarized radiation having substantially uniform exposure and a highly uniform direction of polarization. It is also an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for irradiating a liquid crystal substrate with polarized radiation having substantially uniform exposure and a highly uniform direction of polarization. With this object in mind, the present invention provides an optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer onto either a stationary or web-fed substrate, the apparatus comprising:

[0050] (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward the substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning the full width of the substrate, comprising:

[0051] (a1) a light source for providing the incident ultraviolet light;

[0052] (a2) light directing means for directing the incident ultraviolet light at the predetermined average angle of inclination relative to the substrate surface;

[0053] (a3) light homogenizing means for directing the incident ultraviolet light along predetermined average angle of inclination relative to the substrate surface; and

[0054] (b) a polarizer disposed between the light directing means and the substrate and rotatably oriented to maintain a principal axis of polarization having a predetermined orientation with respect to the web movement direction, the principal axis of polarization independent of the angle of inclination.

[0055] From another aspect the present invention provides a method for fabricating a multilayer stationary or web-fed substrate having a first liquid crystal film layer aligned along a first optical axis and a second liquid crystal film layer aligned along a second optical axis orthogonal to the first optical axis, the method comprising:

[0056] (a) applying a first alignment layer to the substrate to form a multilayer film;

[0057] (b) irradiating the first alignment layer with incident ultraviolet light directed through a first polarizer having a first principal axis of polarization at a first angle relative to the surface of the multilayer film to provide alignment in a first direction;

[0058] (c) applying a second alignment layer to the multilayer film; and

[0059] (d) irradiating the second alignment layer with incident ultraviolet light directed through a second polarizer having a second principal axis of polarization at a second angle relative to the surface of the multilayer film, the second angle orthogonal to the first angle to provide alignment in a second direction.

[0060] It is a feature of the present invention that it directs, over a large irradiation zone, polarized light having a very uniform direction of polarization. The present invention is capable of directing linearly polarized light onto a stationary or web-fed substrate, uniform with respect to direction of polarization to within 1 degree, over an exposure zone having a width in excess of 1 m.

[0061] It is an advantage of the present invention that it provides an irradiation apparatus that can be adapted to expose in one of a number of polarization directions. Using this feature, a first irradiation apparatus irradiates a substrate with polarized light having a first polarization direction and a second irradiation apparatus, similar in structure and composition to the first irradiation apparatus, but arranged at a different angle and having a different number and configuration of supporting prisms or louvers, irradiates a substrate with polarized light having a second polarization direction, orthogonal to the first direction.

[0062] It is a further advantage of the present invention that it provides UV light having a highly consistent direction of polarization, while maintaining a relatively uniform irradiation over a broad exposure zone. Consistent, uniform polarization direction over this exposure zone is provided without the need for collimated light.

[0063] It is a further advantage of the present invention that it provides a system capable of continuous, in-line processing of a web-fed substrate having a plurality of alignment layers that are orthogonally aligned with respect to each other.

[0064] It is a further advantage of the present invention that by allowing the illumination source to be disposed near the substrate surface it provides improved energy efficiency over prior art photo-alignment systems.

[0065] It is a further advantage of the present invention that it provides a relatively compact apparatus for irradiation with more uniform dosage over a large exposure zone.

[0066] It is a further advantage of the present invention that it allows a number of irradiation apparatus to be combined in sequence in order to boost processing speed.

[0067] It is a further advantage of the present invention that it provides an improved contact-free and dust-free method for forming an alignment layer within a liquid crystal substrate.

[0068] These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0069] While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0070]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a system of the present invention for processing a multilayer web of liquid crystal compensation film;

[0071]FIG. 2 is a cross-section view showing media layers of the compensation film processed using the apparatus of the present invention;

[0072]FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing key geometrical relationships of structures within compensation film layers;

[0073]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an irradiation apparatus according to the present invention;

[0074]FIG. 5 is an exploded front view of an irradiation apparatus, showing one configuration of components;

[0075]FIG. 6a is a front view of a irradiation apparatus for a 0-degree configuration;

[0076]FIG. 6b is a cross-sectional side view of an irradiation apparatus for a 0-degree configuration;

[0077]FIG. 7a is a front view of a irradiation apparatus for a 90-degree configuration;

[0078]FIG. 7b is a cross-sectional side view of an irradiation apparatus for a 90-degree configuration;

[0079]FIG. 8a is a front view showing a louver array when in the 90-degree configuration;

[0080]FIG. 8b is a cross-sectional side view of an irradiation apparatus for a 90-degree configuration showing the angular divergence constraints in the direction of web movement;

[0081]FIG. 9 is a front view showing a divertive prism array when in the 90-degree configuration;

[0082]FIG. 10a is a representative front view showing the light directing operation of the louver array;

[0083]FIG. 10b is a representative front view showing the light directing operation of the louver array in combination with a holographic diffuser;

[0084]FIG. 11 is a representative front view showing the light directing operation of the divertive prism array;

[0085]FIG. 12a is a perspective top view of a prism array;

[0086]FIG. 12b is a representative front view showing the operation of the prism array to reduce angular divergence;

[0087]FIG. 13 is a representative front view showing the combined operation of the prism array and the divertive prism array;

[0088]FIG. 14a is a plane view showing a wire grid polarizer array;

[0089]FIG. 14b is a perspective view showing how a wire grid polarizer array is assembled, in a preferred embodiment;

[0090]FIG. 15 is a top view of a light source alternative, showing an overlap pattern using an array of lamps as light source;

[0091]FIGS. 16a and 16 b graphically represent the angular response of a Brewster plate polarizer to light at different incident angles;

[0092]FIGS. 16c and 16 d graphically represent the angular response of wire grid polarizers and Beilby-layer polarizers for comparison with FIGS. 16a and 16 b;

[0093]FIG. 17 illustrates a side view showing the light dispersing property of a holographic diffuser; and

[0094]FIG. 18 graphically illustrates substrate exposure for a 90-degree configuration with and without a light-homogenizing holographic diffuser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0095] The present invention will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or in cooperation more directly with the apparatus in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art.

[0096] The Processing System

[0097] Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a processing apparatus 10 for a preferred embodiment of the present invention for processing a source roll 12 of transparent substrate, fed as a web 16 represented as moving from left to right in FIG. 1, to provide a finished goods roll 14. In the preferred embodiment, finished goods roll 14 is a liquid crystal display compensation film, fabricated as web 16 built up from multiple layers of material, with the components shown in FIG. 2. These materials are linear photo-polymerization media (LPP) and liquid crystal polymer media (LCP).

[0098] Referring now to both FIGS. 1 and 2, a clear substrate layer 18 is provided on source roll 12. In a preferred embodiment, clear substrate layer 18 is made of triacetyl cellulose. An LPP1 layer 22 is added at an LPP1 layer application station 30. A first irradiation station 20 a treats LPP1 layer 22 to provide a predetermined molecular arrangement, crosslinking polymers to obtain optical alignment with a preferred tilt angle. Then, an LCP1 layer 24 is affixed to treated LPP1 layer 22 at an LCP1 layer application station 32. A first curing station 40 a cures LCP1 layer 24 on top of LPP1 layer 22. Next, an LPP2 layer 26 is applied at an LPP2 layer application station 34. Similarly, LPP2 layer 26 is treated at a second irradiation station 20 b to provide alignment that, in the plane of web 16, is orthogonal to the molecular arrangement provided to LPP1 layer 22. Finally, an LCP2 layer 28 is applied at an LCP2 layer application station 36 and cured at a second curing station 40 b. The manufactured compensation film is then wound onto finished goods roll 14.

[0099] Using the process shown for processing apparatus 10, continuous, web-based manufacture of a liquid crystal display media or other material can be performed, without the need for cutting individual sheets from a continuous roll. In the processing described, LPP layers are very thin, on the order of approximately 50 nm.

[0100] In a preferred embodiment, web 16 is relatively wide, with widths exceeding 1 m. For treating LPP1 layer 22 and LPP2 layer 26, irradiation stations 20 a and 20 b provide linearly polarized UV-B irradiation, nominally 280-320 nm. Exposure doses are provided at levels near 10-15 mJ/cm². Exposure uniformity within +/−30% is needed in order to prevent “hot spots” at midpoints in the width of web 16 and to spread the exposure energy sufficiently to the sides of web 16. For some applications, maximum exposure variation much lower than +/−30% may be required. Most important for proper treatment of LPP1 layer 22 and LPP2 layer 26 is providing polarized light having a very consistent direction of polarization, within 1 degree at any point on web 16.

[0101] Curing stations 40 a and 40 b apply some form of radiant energy suitable for curing LCP1 layer 24 and LCP2 layer 28. Preferably, UV-B wavelengths are avoided to minimize the impact of curing operation on LPP1 layer 22 and LPP2 layer 26 once treated. In a preferred embodiment, UV-A wavelengths are used for curing. Some filtering of unwanted wavelengths, such as IR and visible light, is preferred, both at first and second irradiation stations 20 a and 20 b and at first and second curing stations 40 a and 40 b.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a 3-dimensional geometric representation of LCD layer alignment, relative to an XYZ coordinate system. In the upper section of FIG. 3, the orientation of discotic liquid crystal structures 190 is shown for LCP2 layer 28. The lower section of FIG. 3 shows orientation for LCP1 layer 24. Optic axes 100 and 102 are indicated for LCP1 layer 24 and LCP2 layer 28 respectively. For each LCP1 layer 24 and LCP2 layer 28, alignment processing arranges discotic structures 190 so that optic axes 100 and 102 each have an appropriate tilt angle θ and and/or azimuthal angle φ. Azimuthal angle φ is in an XY plane of substrate 192, from the X axis, parallel to web 16 within the exposure zone of irradiation station 20 a or 20 b of FIG. 1. Tilt angle θ is in the Z direction, up from the origin. Optic axes 100 and 102 should be orthogonal with respect to each other, within a tolerance of a few degrees.

[0103] Azimuthal angle φ of optic axis 100, 102 is, in part, a factor of dopant in the anisotropic LCP material. Tilt angle θ is, in large part, a factor of the incident light angle, exposure dose, and polarization and can vary somewhat over a range from θ₁ to θ₂. Obtaining a quality compensation film is, then, dependent on maintaining a suitable incident angle, proper exposure dosage, and uniform polarization characteristics.

[0104] In a preferred embodiment, the orthogonal directions of tilt angle orientation are as follows: a 0-degree orientation is provided substantially parallel to the direction of web movement; a 90-degree orientation is provided orthogonal to the 0-degree orientation, substantially in the cross-web direction. With this distinction in mind, subsequent description refers to 0-degree and 90-degree configurations. It must be observed, however, that the apparatus and methods of the present invention can be readily adapted to other orthogonal alignment arrangements. For example, a crossed 45-degree alignment arrangement could be fabricated, providing orthogonal alignment to multiple layers using the apparatus and method of the present invention.

[0105] Apparatus for Irradiation

[0106] Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown an irradiation apparatus 60 as used, with variations, within irradiation stations 20 a and 20 b to apply UV light over an irradiation zone onto web 16. Irradiation apparatus 60 comprises a hood assembly 70 that generates and directs source radiation across the full width of web 16 and a light conditioning assembly 74 for controlling light divergence, for directing light with the desired incident angle, and for polarizing this source radiation. Within hood assembly 70, a light source 64 provides source radiation at the preferred wavelength and power levels. Cooling is provided, such as by a cooling tube 66 or other device. Cooling tube 66 could be air- or water-cooled, for example. An air tube 62 may also be provided for cooling purposes. Cooling tube 66 also provides some amount of UV-C and IR filtering.

[0107] As part of light conditioning assembly 74, a prism array 72 is disposed in the radiation path. Prism array 72 helps to reduce the divergence angle of light along the length of irradiation apparatus 60. An optional coating 71 may be provided such as to prevent UV-B reflection, for example. A louver array 80 is then disposed below prism array 72. As is described subsequently, louver array 80 also helps to reduce the divergence angle and to direct light in an intended direction toward the surface of web 16. An optional light homogenizing holographic diffuser 85 is disposed below the louver array to direct and homogenize light in the intended direction toward the surface of web 16. Finally, a polarizer 90 provides the necessary amount of polarization for exposure irradiation, as is also described subsequently.

[0108] Light source 64 could be, for example, an Hg medium pressure long arc lamp, such as those available from Nordson Corporation, Amherst, Ohio, for example.

[0109]FIG. 4 shows one configuration of irradiation apparatus 60. As is described subsequently, different arrangements of support components such as prism array 72, louver array 80, and light homogenizing holographic diffuser 85, are provided for 0- and 90-degree configurations.

[0110] Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown an exploded front view of irradiation apparatus 60. Additional components visible from this view include a filter 82. In a preferred embodiment, filter 82 comprises one or more fused silica plates, having high reflectance to visible and UV-A light.

[0111] Irradiation station 20 a or 20 b may house more than one irradiation apparatus 60. By using a number of irradiation apparatus 60 in series, first or second irradiation station 20 a or 20 b can provide additional exposure dosage capacity, effectively providing a wider exposure zone, enabling accelerated processing by processing apparatus 10.

[0112] 0- and 90-Degree Configurations for Irradiation Apparatus 60

[0113] As noted above, first irradiation station 20 a may have one or more irradiation apparatus 60 for providing alignment in one direction. Likewise, second irradiation station 20 b may also have more than one irradiation apparatus 60 for providing alignment in a second, orthogonal direction. The deployment of multiple irradiation apparatus 60 units increases the available exposure dosage for treating the LPP medium on a web-fed substrate. Slightly different configurations of irradiation apparatus 60 are used for the 0-degree and 90-degree configurations used within first and second irradiation stations 20 a and 20 b respectively. However, only minor modifications are needed to adapt irradiation apparatus 60 for the 0-degree or for the 90-degree configuration.

[0114] Referring to the front view of FIG. 6a and corresponding side view of FIG. 6b, there is shown the configuration of irradiation apparatus 60 for the 0-degree configuration used within first irradiation station 20 a. With respect to the view of FIG. 6a, web 16 movement direction is out from the page. Referring to the corresponding side view of FIG. 6b, irradiation apparatus 60 is tilted at an angle H relative to the surface of web 16. This tilt could be obtained by tilting irradiation apparatus 60 or by routing web 16 at an oblique angle relative to irradiation apparatus 60. This arrangement provides exposure light at the optimum incident angle for obtaining 0-degree alignment. A reflector 68 is positioned along the length of light source 64, collecting and redirecting light emitted from light source 64.

[0115] Referring to the front view of FIG. 7a and corresponding side view of FIG. 7b, there is shown the configuration of irradiation apparatus 60 for the 90-degree configuration used within second irradiation station 20 b. With respect to the view of FIG. 7a, the direction of movement of web 16 is out from the page. Referring to the corresponding side view of FIG. 7b, irradiation apparatus 60 is not tilted at an angle relative to the surface of web 16. However, the angle of incident light must be obliquely diverted in the cross-web direction, as described subsequently, either by using a divertive prism array 104 as is shown in FIGS. 7b and 9, or by changing the angular orientation of louver array 80, as is shown in FIG. 8a.

[0116] Reducing Angular Divergence

[0117] One function of hood assembly 70 is to minimize the angular divergence of light incident on polarizer 90. Referring to FIG. 8b, there is shown a side view of irradiation apparatus 60 in the 90-degree configuration. The arrangement of light source 64 and reflector 68 within hood assembly 70 effectively constrains the angular divergence of exposure light in the web travel direction, as indicated by angle F. In a preferred embodiment, angle F is constrained to approximately 45 degrees. This angular constraint in the web travel direction applies for both 0-degree and 90-degree configurations.

[0118] Control of angular divergence in the orthogonal direction, across the web, can be performed by a number of different structures, singly or in combination, depending on the 0- or 90-degree configuration that is used. The simplest means for control of angular divergence is an opaque louver array 80, with louvers vertically disposed as shown in FIG. 5. With louver array 80 arranged as shown in FIG. 5, angular divergence is constrained as a factor of louver spacing.

[0119] An alternate scheme for control of angular divergence across web 16 uses prism array 72 as shown in FIGS. 12a and 12 b. Prism array 72 comprises a sequence of symmetric prisms 73. Each prism 73 has the same dimensions and is extended lengthwise along the direction of travel of web 16. In a preferred embodiment, height h is approximately 0.5 in., base B is approximately 1 in.; angle α₁ is 90 degrees, angles α₂ and α₃ are each nominally 45 degrees. Other dimensional characteristics could be applied; prisms 73 could alternately vary in dimension along prism array 72. Prisms may have the linear arrangement of FIG. 12a or some modified arrangement, such as staggering of individual prisms 73 to minimize patterning effects. Prism array 72 is most effective in the 90-degree configuration shown in FIG. 8a, boosting light efficiency in this configuration.

[0120]FIG. 12b shows the operation of prism array 72 as it cooperates with light source 64 and reflector 68. Rays R from any point on light source 64 are emitted over a broad range of angles. Upon passing through prism array 72, rays R are refracted to narrow the range of angles. As can be seen in FIG. 12b, the reflective properties of prisms 73 are also employed, in conjunction with reflector 68, to redirect and thereby re-use some of the light incident at a range of angles.

[0121] The combined effect of controlling angular divergence in the travel direction of web 16 and across web 16 constrains the angular extent of the light cone from any point on light source 64 to polarizer 90. With a narrower range of incident light angles, improved performance of polarizer 90 is obtained. However, it is significant to note that, due to the performance characteristics of polarizer 90 in the preferred embodiment, it is not required that light from light source 64 be collimated.

[0122] It should be noted that there can be a number of adaptations of the louver array 80 arrangement shown in FIG. 5. For example, where an irradiation station 20 a or 20 b comprises multiple irradiation apparatus 60 in series, it may be preferable that, with respect to the direction of travel of web 16, louvers in one irradiation apparatus 60 be offset from louvers in a paired irradiation apparatus 60. Unequal louver spacing can also be used.

[0123] Directing Light at Desired Angle of Incidence

[0124] For 0-degree alignment at first irradiation station 20 a, tilting hood assembly 70 provides a desired angle for exposure radiation, directed down the length of web 16 as is shown in the side view of FIG. 6b. For 90-degree alignment at second irradiation station 20 b, however, the desired angle of incidence is in an essentially orthogonal direction, across the width of web 16. To divert the exposure radiation from hood assembly 70 in this direction, there are a number of alternatives. In a preferred embodiment, louver array 80 is disposed as shown in FIG. 10a. Here, individual louvers 81 are at a suitable angle for directing light rays R from a source point P toward web 16. With this configuration, each louver 81 has a reflective side 83 and a non-reflective side 84. Rays R at the optimal angle simply pass through louver array 80. Rays R incident upon reflective side 83 are thereby diverted, where possible, to a more suitable incident angle. Other rays R that cannot be readily diverted are absorbed at non-reflective side 84. As a result, the range of incidence angles obtained is acceptable for alignment in the 90-degree orientation. Louvers 81 are spaced to limit the divergence angle of incident light supplied from light source 64.

[0125] An alternative arrangement for diverting exposure irradiation from hood assembly 70 uses divertive prism array 104 as shown in the front view of FIG. 9. Referring to FIG. 11, the operation of divertive prism array 104 is represented. Here, individual prisms 105 each divert incident light rays R by refraction, redirecting the light at a suitable incident angle. Each prism 105 comprises an opaque surface 106 for absorbing rays R that cannot be satisfactorily redirected. Opaque surface 106 is typically an absorptive coating. Dimensionally, prisms 105 may be the same size or may vary in size across divertive prism array 104.

[0126] Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown, from a front view, how divertive prism array 104 cooperates with prism array 72 in an alternate embodiment. Here, prism array 72 constrains angular divergence of rays R from source point P, as was described with reference to FIG. 12b. Rays R are then redirected at a suitable incident angle for alignment in the preferred orientation.

[0127] Referring to FIG. 10b, the operation of louver array 80 as it cooperates with holographic diffuser 85 is illustrated. Rays R from source point P are emitted over a broad range of angles. Upon passing through louver array 80, rays R are absorbed, transmitted, or reflected as illustrated in FIG. 10a. With the addition of holographic diffuser 85 as illustrated in FIG. 10b, the holographic diffuser spreads light rays R into cones of radiation. As is subsequently described, the cones can either be symmetric with apex angle of ε, or a more general elliptical cone. By selecting a maximum diffusion angular spread ε in combination with suitable means of angular divergence reduction, the overall light divergence is maintained within acceptable limits. A typical maximum angular light diffusion angle ε selected for a holographic diffuser would be 20 degrees. Angular divergence reduction may be louvers as illustrated in FIG. 10b, prisms only as illustrated in FIG. 9, or a combination of prisms and louvers as illustrated in FIG. 8a.

[0128] Homogenized Light for Uniform and Efficient Exposure in a Compact Space

[0129] Referring to FIG. 18, there is shown a representation of the uniformity of exposure 140 that may be expected from a 90-degree web-fed system as illustrated in FIG. 8a without a holographic diffuser 85. The uniformity of exposure is measured at the substrate 16. Although this Figure is shown for a 90-degree system, the same discussion pertains to the 0-degree system. Two major variations exist; the first is the slow decrease in average dose from a maximum in the middle of the substrate to a minimum at the edges of the substrate; the other is a rapidly varying dose over small distances. This dose variation generally has a spatial periodicity related to the periodicities of the components directly above the substrate 16, i.e., louvers and/or prisms. The first slow variation in dose from center to edge is the result of the finite extent of the light source 64 relative to the width of web-fed substrate 16. The second variation is a result of the individual louvers and prisms imparting small-scale changes to transmitted light. The first variation may be reduced through suitable selection of lamp length relative to the maximum web widths. Alternatively, the first variation may be reduced through by many means: altering individual spacings or sizings of prisms and louvers, changing reflectances or transmittances of louvers and prisms, adjusting the exposure time along the width of the web, or by increasing the distance of the substrate 16 from the light conditioning assembly 74. The second rapid variation in exposure cannot be as easily measured and controlled by the methods that may be used to address the slow variation. Referring again to FIG. 18, introducing a holographic diffuser 85 as illustrated in FIG. 8a may virtually eliminate the small-scale exposure variation 142.

[0130] The introduction of a holographic diffuser 85 between the polarizer 90 and louver array 80 improves the homogenization of the irradiated light such that exposure will be more uniform and reduces the slope with which the exposure changes occur. This improvement in exposure uniformity pertains to both stationary and moving substrates.

[0131] The use of holographic diffusers to homogenize light is described in the literature (e.g., Baturin et al. “Application of Holographic Diffusers to Improve Light Uniformity of Source with Carbon Fiber Cathodes.”) The holographic diffuser also permits the apparatus to remain more compact than it otherwise would be without a holographic diffuser.

[0132] A holographic diffuser is a surface relief hologram. They also may be known by registered names; for example, Light Shaping Diffuser (Physical Optics Corporation; Torrance, Calif.) and Tailored Micro Diffusers (Wavefront Technology Inc., Paramount, Calif.). Holographic diffusers may be embossed, molded or etched into deformable material such as acrylic, polycarbonate, other plastics, glass or fused silica. The method of inexpensively fabricating holographic diffusers from materials other than plastic is a more recent manufacturing development, for example, as illustrated by the contact molding method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,759. Holographic diffusers are characterized by transmission efficiency; they offer superior optical transmission, typically up to 92% in visible light, greatly exceeding the light throughput characteristics of a conventional ground-glass diffuser. Diffusers are also characterized by a specific tailored output angular distribution and can be designed to disperse light into cones from less than 1 degree to >90°. Referring to FIG. 17, incident rays R incident on holographic diffuser 85 are spread into cones of radiation 87. The simplest type of holographic diffuser will approximately spread light into a circularly symmetric cone with maximum divergence apex angle of ε. Alternatively, the light “cone” can be in elliptical form, so that divergence is greater along a major-axis and less along a minor-axis; i.e., ε may have different values depending on the cross-section. Holographic diffusers are also characterized by a tendency to introduce a birefringence or depolarization component to the incident light.

[0133] For the requirement of UV alignment on a stationary or moving web-fed substrate with high light transmission, uniformity of dosage, and uniformity of polarization, the preferred embodiment for a holographic diffuser is one made from fused silica for high UV transmittance. Additionally, as illustrated in FIGS. 6a and 6 b, the holographic diffuser 85 is preferably placed between the polarizer 90 and the prism array 72. Referring to FIGS. 8a and 8 b, the holographic diffuser 85 is preferably placed between the polarizer 90 and the louver array 80. The holographic component divergence angle would be chosen with angular divergence small enough so as not to deleteriously affect the angle-of-incidence properties required of the 0 and 90 degree systems. For the 0-degree alignment apparatus, angular divergence of the elliptical “cone” along the substrate-travel direction would typically be less than 20 degrees and between 10 and 60 degrees in the cross-track direction. For the 90-degree alignment apparatus, angular divergence of the elliptical “cone” along the cross-track direction would typically be less than 20 degrees, and along the substrate-travel direction, the divergence would typically be between 10 and 100 degrees. Limited availability of commercial elliptical holographic diffusers that transmit in the UV limit choices to circular diffusers that typically function with lower angular divergence ranges.

[0134] Configuration of Polarizer 90

[0135] Referring back to FIGS. 16a through 16 d, the significance of maintaining a uniform principal axis of polarization 126 at polarizer 90 can be appreciated. When polarizer 90 has this property, incident light can vary over a range of angles without affecting the axis of polarization that is provided.

[0136] As a general rule, polarizer 90 works best when used with light having a reduced divergence angle and when placed in close proximity to web 16. Referring to FIGS. 14a and 14 b, there is shown a plane view and an exploded view, respectively, of polarizer 90 in a preferred embodiment. Polarizer segments 91 are wire grid polarizers, typically three inch square in a preferred embodiment, tiled together as shown. Polarizer 90 employs a number of polarizer segments 91, preferably disposed at an angle relative to the movement of web 16. The angular offset compensates for possible streaking effects from boundaries between individual polarizer segments 91. A grid frame 96 and a cover frame 94 are used to hold polarizer segments 91 in place, sandwiched between masks 92.

[0137] With the arrangement of FIGS. 14a and 14 b, polarizer 90 is rotatable. That is, the complete polarizer 90 assembly can be rotated to effectively change the principal axis of polarization with respect to the exposure zone of web 16. Alternately, individual polarizer segments 91 can be rotated so that polarizer 90 can be adapted to provide a range of angles.

[0138] Wire grid polarizers are used as polarizer segments 91 in a preferred embodiment due to their capability to withstand high temperatures and suitable polarization characteristics. Generally, polarization of 3:1 or better is acceptable; 5:1 provides a preferred ratio for alignment. Wire grid polarizers offer advantages due to their inherent heat resilience and reduced thickness. Because these devices are generally less sensitive to angular variation than are Brewster plate polarizers or other polarizer devices, wire grid polarizers do not require collimated light. Additionally, because these devices are reflective, some amount of unused light can be reflected back and, potentially, re-used. Wire grid polarizers can be easily oriented to provide 0-degree and 90-degree alignment simply by rotating the wire direction of polarizer segments 91 within the plane of polarizer 90.

[0139] Other types of polarizers 90 could be used, provided they are capable of operating under relatively high temperature conditions. Brewster plates made of fused silica or quartz could also be used for alignment in the movement direction of web 16, however, size and weight constraints limit the feasibility of such a solution for large scale irradiation. It would also be difficult to maintain a uniform principal axis of polarization when using Brewster plate devices. Moreover, as is noted in the background section of this application, a Brewster plate polarizer would not be well-suited for cross-web irradiation, particularly where a long-arc lamp is used as light source 64. Interference-type polarizers that also employ Brewster plate principles could alternately be used; however, these polarizers are not dimensionally advantageous and are also poorly suited for cross-web irradiation.

[0140] An alternate type of polarizer segment 91 could employ a Beilby-layer polarizer, such as those available from Sterling Optics, Inc. A matrix arrangement similar to that shown in FIGS. 14a and 14 b would also be practicable when using Beilby-layer devices. The corresponding polarizer segments 91 could be larger when using these devices than with wire grid polarizers.

[0141] With the 90-degree alignment configuration of FIGS. 7a and 7 b, polarizer 90 is optimally positioned parallel to the surface of web 16 within the exposure zone. With the 0-degree alignment configuration of FIGS. 6a and 6 b, polarizer 90 may be parallel to the base of hood assembly 70, parallel to web 16, or at some intermediate angle. There may be some advantages to using angles that maximize levels of irradiance and provide highly uniform polarization, particularly with the 0-degree arrangement. As was described with reference to FIGS. 16c and 16 d, wire grid and Beilby-layer polarizers maintain a uniform principal axis of polarization for light over a range of incident angles. Because of this, polarizer 90, when fabricated using these devices, can be tilted about an axis parallel to the length of light source 64 without noticeable effect on uniformity of polarization direction. Tilt angles of up to about 30 degrees with respect to the surface of web 16 can be used without affecting the performance of polarizer 90.

[0142] Alternate Embodiments for Light Source 64

[0143] In a preferred embodiment, light source 64 is a medium-pressure mercury arc lamp. These devices can have a power input approaching or exceeding 400 watts/inch of lamp length and have a favorably long lamp life. This approach provides the advantages of using a single bulb that has relatively long useful life (1,000 hours, nominal) and can be readily changed with minimal disruption to equipment.

[0144] Alternatives for light source 64 include mercury short arc lamps, typically having 10-15 kW input. However, mercury short arc lamps can be more expensive and typically have a shorter useful life than medium-pressure arc lamps. Referring to FIG. 15, there is shown an arrangement using multiple light sources 164 a, 164 b, 164 c, 164 d, 164 e, and 164 f. In order to span the width of web 16, light sources 164 a, 164 b, 164 c, 164 d, 164 e, and 164 f are grouped, staggered to leave no perceptible gaps or boundaries.

[0145] Embodiments for Filter 82

[0146] Filtering of the UV light helps to attenuate harmful wavelengths and to remove unwanted light and heat from the system. UV-C light (200-270 nm), for example, appears to be detrimental to LPP crosslinking needed for alignment. One method for removing UV-C wavelengths employs an absorbing plate of WG 280 for example. UV-A, visible, and infrared light are considered superfluous, however, to minimize heating and other unwanted side effects, the preferred embodiment uses an optional filter 82 to remove this unwanted light from the system. Additional filtering is also provided near light source 64 by cooling tube 66, particularly where water is used, as noted above.

[0147] In a preferred embodiment, filter 82 follows louver array 80 and prism array 72 in the optics path. With this arrangement, filter 82 accepts incident light over a more controlled angle of divergence. However, filter 82 could be positioned at alternate points in the optics path.

[0148] Alternative Embodiments for Processing Apparatus 10

[0149] The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention as described above, and as noted in the appended claims, by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while hood assembly 70 is at right angles to the direction of web 16 movement in the preferred embodiment, other arrangements are possible. For example, hood assembly 70 could be disposed at a diagonal relative to web 16. Other types of light sources could be employed, providing that a generally uniform irradiation is obtained.

[0150] Irradiation apparatus 60 can also be adapted to suit requirements for obtaining the desired direction of polarization and pretilt. In a preferred embodiment, irradiation apparatus 60 used for the 90-degree configuration uses both prism array 72 and louver array 80. However, in the 0-degree configuration, irradiation apparatus 60 does not use louver array 80. It can be seen that other arrangements are possible, so that each irradiation apparatus 60 can be equipped with either louver array 80 or prism array 72 or with both louver array 80 and prism array 72. For 90-degree configurations, louver array 80 may be angled and configured as described earlier with reference to FIG. 10. Alternately, the combination using both prism array 72 and divertive prism array 104 could be used.

[0151] In the preferred embodiment, LPP layers are orthogonally aligned in the direction of travel of web 16 and in the cross-web direction. Alternately, a different set of orthogonal angles could be used. For example, alignment angles could be at 45-degrees with respect to the edges of web 16.

[0152] Alternate system arrangements for processing apparatus 10 could employ a single irradiation apparatus 60 for processing a roll of media with one alignment layer, aligned in a 45-degree orientation. A second alignment layer having 135-degree alignment could be fabricated separately using the same irradiation apparatus 60. Then, both orthogonal layers could be laminated together in an orthogonal arrangement.

[0153] Additional light conditioning components could be used in the optics path, such as for additional filtering. Optionally, a diffuser, such as a holographic diffuser, could be employed for improving uniformity of irradiance.

[0154] It can be seen that irradiation apparatus 60 of the present invention provides a compact, energy-efficient device for exposing a wide-area substrate with light radiation having a uniform polarization direction. Adaptable for providing incident light in orthogonal directions, irradiation apparatus 60 can be advantageously deployed in a roll-to-roll manufacturing environment for fabricating web-fed multilayered liquid crystal media having orthogonally oriented alignment layers.

[0155] Thus, what is provided is and apparatus and method for processing a liquid crystal display compensation film provided as a web-fed substrate.

[0156] The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention.

Parts List

[0157]10 Processing apparatus

[0158]12 Source roll

[0159]14 Finished goods roll

[0160]16 Web

[0161]18 Clear substrate layer

[0162]20 a First irradiation station

[0163]20 b Second irradiation station

[0164]22 LPP1 layer

[0165]24 LCP1 layer

[0166]26 LPP2 layer

[0167]28 LCP2 layer

[0168]30 LPP1 layer application station

[0169]32 LCP1 layer application station

[0170]34 LPP2 layer application station

[0171]36 LCP2 layer application station

[0172]40 a First curing station

[0173]40 b Second curing station

[0174]60 Irradiation apparatus

[0175]62 Air tube

[0176]64 Light source

[0177]66 Cooling tube

[0178]68 Reflector

[0179]70 Hood assembly

[0180]71 Coating

[0181]72 Prism array

[0182]73 Prisms

[0183]74 Light conditioning assembly

[0184]80 Louver array

[0185]81 Louver

[0186]82 Filter

[0187]83 Reflective side

[0188]84 Non-reflective side

[0189]85 Holographic diffuser

[0190]87 Cones of radiation

[0191]90 Polarizer

[0192]91 Polarizer segment

[0193]92 Mask

[0194]94 Cover frame

[0195]96 Grid frame

[0196]100 Optic axis

[0197]102 Optic axis

[0198]104 Divertive prism array

[0199]105 Prism

[0200]106 Opaque surface

[0201]120 Reflected beam

[0202]122 Transmitted beam

[0203]124 Incident beams

[0204]126 Principal axis of polarization

[0205]128 Reference direction

[0206]130 Meridional plane

[0207]132 Brewster plate polarizer

[0208]134 Wire grid polarizer

[0209]140 Exposure without holographic diffuser

[0210]142 Exposure with holographic diffuser

[0211]164 a Light source

[0212]164 b Light source

[0213]164 c Light source

[0214]164 d Light source

[0215]164 e Light source

[0216]164 f Light source

[0217]190 Discotic structures

[0218]192 Plane of substrate 

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising: (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward said substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning a full width of said substrate, comprising: (a1) a light source for providing said incident ultraviolet light; (a2) light directing means for directing said incident ultraviolet light at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; and (a3) a holographic light diffuser for homogenizing said incident ultraviolet light on said substrate at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate.
 2. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a polarizer is disposed between said holographic light diffuser and said substrate, wherein said polarizer is rotatably oriented to maintain a principal axis of polarization, and said principal axis of polarization is independent of said angle of inclination.
 3. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said substrate is web-fed.
 4. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said irradiation apparatus further comprises a reflector partially surrounding said light source.
 5. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising filtering unwanted wavelengths emitted from said light source.
 6. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said light source comprises a plurality of lamps.
 7. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said light source comprises a long-arc UV lamp.
 8. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said first principal axis of polarization is parallel to a direction of movement of said substrate.
 9. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said polarizer comprises a plurality of wire grid polarizers.
 10. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said polarizer comprises a Beilby-layer polarizer.
 11. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said irradiation apparatus is disposed at a predetermined tilt angle, relative to said exposure zone, along a tilt axis that extends across said width of said moving substrate.
 12. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said polarizer comprises a matrix of wire grid polarizers, wherein each of said wire grid polarizers is selectively oriented at a first angle for providing polarization along said first principal axis of polarization or oriented at a second angle for providing polarization along said second principal axis of polarization.
 13. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 2 wherein a surface of said polarizer that receives said incident light is angularly disposed relative to a surface of said substrate within said exposure zone within a range from parallel to 30 degrees.
 14. An optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising: (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward said substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning a full width of said substrate, comprising: (a1) a light source for providing said incident ultraviolet light; (a2) a prism array for directing said incident ultraviolet light at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; and (a3) a holographic light diffuser for homogenizing said incident ultraviolet light on said substrate at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate.
 15. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 14 wherein a polarizer is disposed between said prism array and said substrate and rotatably oriented to maintain a principal axis of polarization having a predetermined orientation with respect to a web movement direction, said principal axis of polarization independent of said angle of inclination.
 16. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said substrate is web-fed.
 17. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said irradiation apparatus further comprises a plurality of louvers for guiding said incident ultraviolet light toward said prism array.
 18. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 14 further comprising a filter disposed between said prism array and said substrate.
 19. An optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising: (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward said substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning a full width of said substrate, comprising: (a1) a light source for providing said incident ultraviolet light; (a2) a plurality of louvers for directing said incident ultraviolet light at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate, wherein each of said louver has a reflective side and an opaque side, and wherein a long axis of each of said louver is aligned parallel to a web movement direction; and (a3) a holographic light diffusing means for homogenizing said incident dosage on said substrate surface at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate.
 20. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 19 wherein a polarizer is disposed between said plurality of louvers and said substrate and rotatably oriented to maintain a principal axis of polarization having a predetermined orientation, wherein said principal axis of polarization is independent of said angle of inclination.
 21. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 19 wherein said plurality of louvers are tilted at an oblique angle with respect to a surface of the substrate.
 22. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 19 further comprising a filter disposed between said plurality of louvers and said substrate.
 23. An optical exposure apparatus for applying radiant energy onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising: (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward said substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning a full width of said substrate, comprising: (a1) a light source for providing said incident ultraviolet light; (a2) a first prism array for providing a reduced divergence angle to said incident ultraviolet light; (a3) a second prism array for directing said incident ultraviolet light having said reduced divergence angle at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; and (a4) a holographic light diffuser for homogenizing said incident dosage on said substrate at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to the substrate.
 24. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 23 wherein a polarizer is disposed between said second prism array and the substrate and rotatably oriented to maintain a principal axis of polarization having a predetermined orientation, wherein said principal axis of polarization independent of said angle of inclination.
 25. An optical exposure apparatus according to claim 23 further comprising a filter disposed between said second prism array and said substrate.
 26. An optical exposure system for fabricating a multilayer film on a web-fed substrate, wherein a first liquid crystal film layer is aligned along a first optical axis and a second liquid crystal film layer is aligned along a second optical axis, wherein said second optical axis is orthogonal to said first optical axis, said optical system comprising: (a) a first irradiation apparatus for directing a first incident ultraviolet light at a first predetermined average angle of inclination toward said substrate, over an exposure zone spanning a full width of the substrate, comprising: (a1) a first light source for providing said first incident ultraviolet light; (a2) first light directing means for directing said first incident ultraviolet light at said first predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; (a3) a first holographic light diffuser for homogenizing said incident dosage on said substrate at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to the substrate surface; (b) a, first polarizer for polarizing said first incident ultraviolet light in a first uniform polarization direction over said exposure zone, said first polarizer comprising tiled polarization components rotated to a first polarization axis angle; (c) a second irradiation apparatus for directing a second incident ultraviolet light at a second predetermined average angle of inclination toward said substrate, over said exposure zone spanning the fall width of the substrate, comprising: (c1) a second light source for providing said second incident ultraviolet light; (c2) second light directing means for directing said second incident ultraviolet light at said second predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; (c3) a second holographic light diffuser means for homogenizing said incident dosage on said substrate at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate; and (d) a second polarizer for polarizing said second incident ultraviolet light in a second uniform polarization direction over said exposure zone, said second polarizer comprising tiled polarization components rotated to a second polarization axis angle.
 27. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate having a first liquid crystal film layer aligned along a first optical axis and a second liquid crystal film layer aligned along a second optical axis orthogonal to said first optical axis, the method comprising: (a) applying a first alignment layer to said substrate to form a multilayer film; (b) irradiating said first alignment layer with incident ultraviolet light directed through a first polarizer having a first principal axis of polarization at a first angle relative to the surface of the multilayer film to provide alignment in a first direction; (c) applying a second alignment layer to said multilayer film; (d) irradiating said second alignment layer with incident ultraviolet light directed through a second polarizer having a second principal axis of polarization at a second angle relative to the surface of the multilayer film, said second angle orthogonal to said first angle to provide alignment in a second direction; and wherein the step of irradiating said first alignment layer comprises the step of disposing a holographic diffuser between a source of illumination and said substrate.
 28. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate according to claim 27 wherein the step of irradiating said first alignment layer comprises the step of disposing an array of prisms between a source of illumination and the substrate.
 29. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate according to claim 27 wherein the step of irradiating said first alignment layer comprises the step of disposing an array of louvers between a source of illumination and the substrate.
 30. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate according to claim 27 wherein said first polarizer is an array comprising individual wire grid polarizer segments.
 31. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate according to claim 27 wherein said first polarizer is an array comprising individual Beilby-layer polarizer segments.
 32. A method for fabricating a multilayer web-fed substrate according to claim 27 wherein the step of irradiating said second alignment layer comprises the step of using a first array of prisms to provide a reduced divergence angle and using a second array of prisms to bend the light path to provide incident light at a predetermined angle.
 33. An optical exposure apparatus for forming an alignment layer onto a web-fed substrate, the apparatus comprising: (a) an irradiation apparatus for directing an incident ultraviolet light toward said substrate at a predetermined average angle of inclination, over an exposure zone spanning the full width of said substrate, comprising: (a1) a light source for providing said incident ultraviolet light; (a2) a hood assembly for directing said incident ultraviolet light at said predetermined average angle of inclination relative to said substrate surface; and (3) a holographic light diffusing means for homogenizing said incident dosage on said substrate. 